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名称：爬虫与地理信息
一、爬取思路分析
1.URL链接地址分析
首先打开豆瓣图书Top250主页：/top250，鼠标滑到页面下方可以看见有页面选项，我们通过点击不同页面即可发现url链接地址的变化规律。
查阅前三页的url分别如下，可以发现一直变化的为最后一个参数start，其值的变化规律为25*（n-1），n为页数，依此我们可以构造出所有的url。
2.网页源码分析
鼠标右击检查或按F12打开调试页面，通过定位我们发现书籍信息位于tr标签内，每一本书对应一个tr标签。因此，我们的爬取思路是：首先获取所有的tr标签，然后通过在tr标签中定位查找每本书的详细信息即可。
接下来，以获取书籍作者、出版社等信息为例来介绍各项信息的定位查找，如下图所示：作者等信息位于tr标签下的一个p标签里面。我们分别采用Xpath和BeautifulSoup两种方法进行定位，Xpath路径为：//tr//p[@class=“pl”]//text()，BeautifulSoup路径为：tr.find(‘p’,class_=‘pl’).string。其他封面照片、书名、评分、短评等信息可以类似进行定位查找。
二、核心代码
涉及知识点：requests、html、Xpath、BeautifulSoup、csv。
1.获取网页内容
def getHtml(url):user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS)headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent,#'Cookie':' '}try:response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=5)response.raise_for_status()# text属性类型为stringtext = response.text# print(text)return textexcept:print("爬取失败！")
2.获取书籍信息
Xpath方法：
def parse_page_Xpath(text):html = etree.HTML(text)book_info_list = []trs = html.xpath("//table/tr")for tr in trs:name = tr.xpath('./td/div/a/@title')[0].strip()img = tr.xpath("./td//a/img/@src")[0].strip()writer_line = tr.xpath("./td//p[@class='pl']//text()")[0].replace(" ", "").split("/")[0]if ']' in writer_line:writer = writer_line.split(']')[1]country = writer_line.split(']')[0].replace("[","").replace("]","")else:writer = writer_linecountry = r"中国"score = tr.xpath("./td//span[@class='rating_nums']/text()")[0].strip()nums = tr.xpath("./td//span[@class='pl']/text()")[0].replace('(','').replace(')','').strip()comment_list = tr.xpath("./td/p/span[@class='inq']/text()")if len(comment_list) > 0:comment = comment_list[0].strip()else:comment = ""#book_info = "《" +name+ "》" + "" + writer + "" + score + "" + nums + "" + comment + "" + img + "\n"book_info = "《" + name + "》" + ',' + writer + ',' + country + ',' + score + ',' + nums + ',' + comment + ',' + imgbook_info_list.append(book_info)#print(book_info)return book_info_list
BeautifulSoup方法：
def parse_page_BS(text):book_info_list = []soup = BeautifulSoup(text, 'lxml')trs = soup.find_all('tr', class_='item')for tr in trs:name = tr.find('div', class_='pl2').find('a')['title']img_src = tr.find('img')['src']writer_line = tr.find('p', class_='pl').string.strip()if ']' in writer_line:writer = writer_line.split(']')[1]country = writer_line.split(']')[0].replace("[","").replace("]","")else:writer = writer_linecountry = r"中国"score = tr.find('span', class_='rating_nums').string.strip()nums = tr.find('span', class_='pl').string.strip().replace('(', '').replace(')', '').strip()comment_line = tr.find('span', class_='inq')if comment_line is None:comment = ""else:comment = comment_line.stringbook_info = "《" + name + "》" + ',' + writer + ',' + country + ',' + score + ',' + nums + ',' + comment + ',' + img_srcbook_info_list.append(book_info)#print(book_info)return book_info_list
3.下载封面照片
def save_image(i, book_info_list):index = i * 25 + 1for line in book_info_list:img_url = line.split(",")[-1]img_name = str(index) +"." + line.split(",")[0].strip().replace("《","").replace("》","") + ".jpg"print(img_name + " " + img_url)index += 1photo_dir = "豆瓣图书排行榜250\\"if not os.path.exists(photo_dir):os.makedirs(photo_dir)img_full_name = os.path.join(photo_dir, img_name)#time.sleep(1)try:user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS)headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}pic = requests.get(img_url, headers=headers)if not os.path.exists(img_full_name):with open(img_full_name, 'wb') as f:f.write(pic.content)f.close()print(img_url + "：图片下载成功！")except:print(img_url + "：图片下载失败！")
4.保存到文件
保存txt文件
def save_txt(i, book_info_list, fname):print("开始写入文件......")index = i * 25 + 1with open("./豆瓣图书250.txt", 'a+', encoding='utf-8') as f:for line in book_info_list:line = str(index) + " " + line + "\n"f.write(line)index += 1print("写入文件完成！")
保存csv文件
def save_csv(i, book_info_list, fname):print("开始写入文件......")index = i * 25 + 1f = open(fname, 'a+', encoding='utf-8', newline="")csv_writer = csv.writer(f)#csv_writer.writerow(["序号","书名", "作者", "国籍", "评分", "人数", "评语","封面图片地址"])for line in book_info_list:line = str(index) + "," + lineprint(line)index += 1csv_writer.writerow(line.split(','))f.close()print("写入文件完成！")
5.爬虫主函数
def spider(page_nums):print("爬虫开始......")url = "/top250?start={}"for i in range(0,page_nums):full_url = url.format(i * 25)# print(full_url)print("爬取第 "+ str(i+1) +" 页")tag = random.randint(1,3)time.sleep(tag)text = getHtml(full_url)#Xpath解析方法#book_info_list = parse_page_Xpath(text)#BS解析方法book_info_list = parse_page_BS(text)fname = "./豆瓣图书250.csv"#保存txt文件#save_txt(i, book_info_list, fname)# 保存CSV文件#save_csv(i, book_info_list, fname)save_image(i, book_info_list)print("爬虫结束!")
三、结果展示
1.txt文件
2.csv文件
3.封面照片
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